Design and fabrication of drill tool dynamometer-Mechanical Project

Introduction:

Dynamometers are devices used to measure cutting forces in machining operation. The cutting force cannot be detected or quantified directly but their effect can be sensed using Transducer. For example, a force which can neither be seen nor be gripped but can be detected and also quantified respectively by its effect and the amount of those effects (on some material) like elastic deflection, deformation, pressure, strain etc.nThese effects, called signals, often need proper conditioning for easy, accurate and reliable detection and measurement. In other words,

Design and fabrication of drill tool dynamometerdynammometer

Measurement involves three stages

Conversion into another suitable variable (deflection, expansion etc)
Amplification, filtration and stabilization
Reading or recording

Measurement of cutting force(s) is based on three basic principles:

measurement of elastic deflection of a body subjected to the cutting force
measurement of elastic deformation, i.e. strain induced by the force
measurement of pressure developed in a medium by the force.

Requirement of a cutting force dynamometer

The dynamometer should have sufficient mechanical rigidity to avoid excessive deformation of the cutting edge under the action of cutting forces
It should have sufficient sensitivity to enable measurement of cutting forces with sufficient accuracy
It should have high stiffness and low mass, ensuring 100 percent transmissibility of force by its very high natural frequency. This feature will also enable the recorded force to be unaffected by the exciting vibration due to machining process itself. Example : milling , grinding and shaping
It should be capable of indicating individual force components without any cross effect, while measuring such forces simultaneously
The measuring system should be stable with reference to time, temperature and humidity, requiring only occasional checking after calibration.

Drilling dynamometer

Physical construction of a strain gauge type 2 – D drilling dynamometer for measuring torque and thrust force is typically shown schematically in Fig.and pictorially in Fig.. Four strain gauges are mounted on the upper and lower surfaces of the two opposite ribs for PX – channel and four on the side surfaces of the other two ribs for the torque channel. Before use, the dynamometer must be calibrated to enable determination of the actual values of T and PX from the voltage values or reading taken in SMB or PC.

Schematic view of construction of a strain gauge type drilling dynammometer

Increasing deflection, δ enhances sensitivity of the dynamometer but may affect machining accuracy where large value of δ is restricted, the cutting forces are suitably measured by using the change in strain caused by the force.

The strain, ε induced by the force changes the electrical resistance, R, of the strain gauges which are firmly pasted on the surface of the tool-holding beam as

Gauge Factor = (Change in resistance /original resistance )